Biological Characteristics and Exploitation Prospects of Goji berries in Qinghai

Chinese wolfberry has aong history of cultivation in China. The earliest collection of poems in China, The Book of Songs, contains records of picking Chinese wolfberry from mountains. It can be seen that as early as the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2000 years ago, the Chinese people knew how to cultivate and utilize Chinese wolfberry. Medical books and other poems and essays since Tang and Song Dynasties have been described. In ancient times, Goji berries was mainly distributed in three areas, one is in Zhangye, Gansu Province (formerly known as Gansu), the product is called “Goji berries”; the other is in Zhongning, Zhongwei, Qinghai, the product is called “Western Goji berries”; the third is in Tianjin, which is said to be imported from Qinghai, the product is called “Jin Goji berries”. Among them, the cultivation of Goji berries in Qinghai has aong history, good quality, and hasong been popular throughout the country, becoming a tribute in ancient times. Nowadays, Goji berries in Qinghai sells well both at home and abroad. It has become an old famous brand product in Qinghai. Its development and utilization prospect is very broad.

Biological characteristics of Goji berries.
Goji berries. is a perennial deciduous shrub of Solanaceae. There are about 80 species in the world, which are widely distributed in northern temperate Eurasia. There are about 7 species and 3 varieties in China. At present, Chinese wolfberry forests formed by artificial cultivation are mainly wolfberry in Qinghai, commonly known as “Ciyuan” or “Red Fruit”, and the main producing area is Qinghai.
Goji berries have strong germination and vigorous growth. The seeds of Goji berries. have strong viability. Under suitable conditions, they can germinate and emerge after 7 to 10 days. After 4 years of preservation, the germination rate of Goji berries. seeds still reach 91% and fall to 47% after 5 years.
The economic life of Goji berries. is very long. Generally, the life span of Goji berries. can reach 60 to 70 years. Under good cultivation conditions, some trees can still bear fruit for 100 years. Generally, wolfberry trees begin to senile in about 35 years, and their yield decreases sharply. The fruit is small, the quality is poor and the backbone is poor.
Branches and main branches died in large quantities, resulting in few branches, incomplete crown, greatly reduced crown width, serious root and stem decay, and loss of economic cultivation value. The ecological habits of the whole garden should be renewed 11.
According to the local chronicles of Qinghai, Goji berries is distributed in Zhongning, Zhongwei,ing wu, Pingluo, Qingtongxia, Yanchi, Tongxin, Guyuan and Haiyuan counties. The vertical distribution of Goji berries. in Qinghai has great plasticity, ranging from coastal plain-Tianjin at veryow elevation to elevation.
The Qinghai Plateau with 3000 meters is distributed or cultivated. However, the most suitable area is Zhongning County in Qinghai. Central Division
In terms of distribution area, Qinghai’s product quality is the best, which is closely related to the ecological factors in the distribution area.

1.1.1 Temperature The optimum temperature for Goji berries growing area is 5.4-12.7 C, but the optimum temperature is 8.5-9.3 C. If the temperature is too high or tooow, the quality of Goji berries will be affected.
1.1.2 Illumination Goji berries. is a strong photophilic tree species, which needs sufficientight for its growth and development. Qinghai isocated in the hinterland of the mainland, illuminated
Full, the annual sunshine of 2500 ~ 3000 hours, very suitable for the growth of Chineseoquat.
1.1.3 Water for Goji berries. growing and fruiting needs sufficient water. Generally, soil water content should be 16%~20%. Groundwater is the best water for Goji berries. growing and fruiting.
The position should not be higher than 1.2 mm. If the waterevel is too high, theeaves will wither and grow poorly. Goji berries. needs wet soil, but it doesn’tike rainy weather.
The climate of Qinghai Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area is the most suitable place for the growth of Goji berries.
1.1.4 Soil Goji berries. is not strict with soil. The optimum producing area is Zhongning County, Qinghai. The soil type is silt-irrigated soil with many textures.
The soil salinity isess than 0.15% for medium andight soils. When the pH value reaches 8.7, fertile soil must be available for high yield.

2 The content of organic matter is 1.0%~1.5%. Development regularity of 12 wolfberry forests
1.2.1 The age of young forest ranges from 1 to 5 years, i.e. from planting to crown formation, reaching the height required for pruning of adult Goji berries (generally about 1.8 m). At this time, it is characterized by fast growth, with annual growth of roots and stems reaching 0.7 cm. Young forest stage is also the initial fruit stage, which can bear fruit in the year of planting, and can bear aot of fruit in 4 to 5 years.
1.2.2 The mature stage is also the peak fruit stage, the forest age is 5-35 years, up to 30 years. During this period, Goji berries forest grew vigorously, the tree body was constantly enriched and the branches andeaves were flourishing. After 10 years, the annual growth of roots and stems decreased from 0.4 cm to 0.15-0.2 cm.
1.2.3 The growth trend of 35-year-old plants tends to weaken, the trunk begins to rot, the crown has the phenomenon of decapitation, the annual growth of roots and stems is only 0.1 cm, and the growth tends to stop gradually and transit to decay, which is also the decay period.
1.2.4 After 35 years of age, the growth of the forest declined gradually, the heart rot of the trunk and main root was serious, and the crown branches were scarce.
Coarse, growth basically stopped, showing a state of decline. There were few fruits in this period, and the results were basically stopped.

Development regularity of 12 wolfberry forests
1.2.1 The age of young forest ranges from 1 to 5 years, i.e. from planting to crown formation, reaching the height required for pruning of adult Goji berries (generally about 1.8 m). At this time, it is characterized by fast growth, with annual growth of roots and stems reaching 0.7 cm. Young forest stage is also the initial fruit stage, which can bear fruit in the year of planting, and can bear aot of fruit in 4 to 5 years.
1.2.2 The mature stage is also the peak fruit stage, the forest age is 5-35 years, up to 30 years. During this period, Goji berries forest grew vigorously, the tree body was constantly enriched and the branches andeaves were flourishing. After 10 years, the annual growth of roots and stems decreased from 0.4 cm to 0.15-0.2 cm.
1.2.3 The growth trend of 35-year-old plants tends to weaken, the trunk begins to rot, the crown has the phenomenon of decapitation, the annual growth of roots and stems is only 0.1 cm, and the growth tends to stop gradually and transit to decay, which is also the decay period.
1.2.4 After 35 years of age, the growth of the forest declined gradually, the heart rot of the trunk and main root was serious, and the crown branches were scarce.
Coarse, growth basically stopped, showing a state of decline. There were few fruits in this period, and the results basically stopped.
In addition, Goji berries. is an economic plant with early fruiting andong fruit period. Goji berries. can also be divided into “summer fruit” (May-July fruit, one fruit) and “autumn fruit” (September-October fruit, two fruit).

1. Medicinal and edible use of Goji berries.
   The main economic product of Goji berries is fruit, commonly known as Goji berries; secondly, its stalk,leaf, flower, skin and root are also excellent medicinal materials, if taken in four seasons, it can make people iveonger.
   According to the analysis, the water content of fresh fruits of Goji berries is about 80%, the dry product is about 12%, the ash content is 5%~6%, the sugar content is higher, the total sugar content is 22%~42%. Goji berries. in Qinghai is rich in amino acids, mainly in eaves, followed by fruit stalks. Goji berries fruit also contains 0.797% betaine, flavonoid glycosides, coumarin, polyphenols, beta-sitosterol, organic acids, amino acids, organic carboxylic acid, Goji berries amine, pigments, vitamins, zeaxanthin, phenol berry erythroid, cryptoxanthin, alkaloids and more than 30 substances such as lithium, zinc, germanium, copper, calcium, iron and phosphorus.
   Because Goji berries fruit,eaf, stalk and root contain protein, vitamins, amino acids and trace elements needed by the human body, so Goji berries “the whole body is a treasure”. It is not only a valuable Chinese medicine, but also a good tonic, or good food. Chinese wolfberry has aong history as a medicinal material in China. Pharmacists in Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties have recorded and discussed the medicinal value of Chinese wolfberry. Traditional medicine holds that Goji berries has the functions of moistening lung, clearing river, nourishing kidney, nourishing qi, spermatogenesis, promoting yang, tonifying deficiency andabor, dispelling wind and eyesight. Modern scientific test analysis and clinical trials have proved that Goji berries contains polysaccharides, many kinds of amino acids, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals. It has immunity, anti-cancer, anti-fatigue, anti-radiation, anti-hypoxia, hypoglycemia, Hypolipidemia and delay.

Goji berries. has been widely used as a health product. At present, the main products are wolfberry crystal fudge, canned wolfberry, wolfberry soybean milk essence, wolfberry bag tea, wolfberry crystal oraliquid, wolfberry beverage and so on, but also soak wine, boil ointment, pickles; tender stems andeaves can also be used as vegetables, fried, boiled, dried, mixed, stuffed.

1. Development Prospect of Goji berries.
   Goji berries has a wide range of uses and high economic value. The development of Goji berries production is conducive to the development ofocal economy and increase the economic income of the people in the producing areas.
   Enter and improve people’sives. According to 1999 statistics, there were 4667 hm2 Goji berries planted in Qinghai, with an annual output of 2 600 tons and dried fruit Goji berries.
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   After China joined the WrO, Chinese wolfberry in Qinghai is the trump card. We should vigorously develop the production of Chinese wolfberry and rush out of the country to occupy it.
   World market. Since 1995, the consumption of wolfberry has increased dramatically all over the world. In Japan, Korea, the United States, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and other countries and regions, wolfberry has not only been used as medicine, but also become a nutritional supplement for many people and some people.
   “Fruit” or snacks in bags. The annual export volume of Chinese wolfberry is 8-10 million kg, the total domestic sales and consumption is 6-8 million kg, and the total annual demand of Chinese wolfberry at home and abroad is about 15-18 million kg. Qinghai wolfberry has obtained ateast three years’funds from home and abroad
   It’s 400 million yuan.
   There are nearly 20 varieties of Goji berries in Qinghai. They are Goji berries,ycium cannabis, Euonymus striata, Goji berries, Euonymus dahurica and so on. There are also some new varieties of Goji berries, such as Ningqi No. 2 and Ningqi No. 2, which have been selected and bred diligently for many years by the famous Goji berries expert of Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences. each
   667 M2 Ningqi No.1 Goji berries Garden, with a medium output value of 3600 yuan, 667 M2 high-yield Goji berries Garden yields 250 kg of dried fruits, 6000 yuan of output value, deducting cost, and net income of 5000 yuan per 667 m2. Therefore, there are “one mu of Ciyuan, ten mu of grain field” in the old Goji berries producing area.
   That is to say, it fully demonstrates that the economic value of wolfberry is very high, and its ability to generate foreign exchange is also very strong. The future research and development direction of Goji berries is the special Goji berries and its deep processing and new uses.
   While vigorously developing wolfberry, we should pay attention to the following points:
   1) speeding up the modernization of traditional planting mode in Zhongning production area, promoting the transformation of traditional wolfberry economy to modern wolfberry industrialization economy, carrying out regionalayout, making wolfberry planting relativelyinked, forming wolfberry villages and wolfberry villages, and renewing and popularizing new technologies for seedlings. At the same time, we should improve the processing quality of wolfberry and change the processing equipment of drying and drying wolfberry in one household.
   2) Develop intensive farm-type planting development model, establish modern Goji berries Economic Industrial Zone and cooperate with famous brand enterprises to produce and develop high-grade and high-grade Goji berries series brands and occupy the market.
   3) Increase investment in science and technology to increase the scientific and technological content of Goji berries economy in Qinghai. Qinghai Goji berries Research Institute should continuously study new cultivation technologies and varieties, and dedicate theatest and best technologies and varieties to Goji berries users. 4) Market behavior must be standardized. Industry and commerce, technical supervision, taxation and public security departments should take joint action to concentrate on cracking down on counterfeiting in order to protect the market of Goji berries in Qinghai.
   5) To develop multiple varieties of Goji berries. Such as medicinal wolfberry, edible wolfberry (vegetable wolfberry), ornamental wolfberry (flower wolfberry), pressed oil wolfberry, fence wolfberry feed wolfberry.
   6) Biological insecticide should be vigorously promoted in plant protection, andow-concentration pesticides should be used to kill insects, which can greatly reduce the residues of pesticides in Goji berries.
   7) The growth process of wolfberry should be monitored by stages, the farmland should be eco-agriculture and the pollution of chemical fertilizers and pesticides should be minimized so that green food can meet the needs of human beings in the present era.
   8) Establishing Goji berries Association in the whole region and even in the whole country should establish technical standards for Goji berries before, during and after delivery as soon as possible. In this way, there will be a unified pace for the production, processing and sale of Chinese wolfberry. Standardized management will play a positive role in promoting the sustainable development of Chinese wolfberry industry.